Works Cited
Primary Sources
Armstrong, Neil. Buzz Aldrin walking near the Lunar Module. Apollo 11 Mission Report. NASA, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. <http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/a11/A11_PAOMissionReport.html>. This image displays Buzz Aldrin walking on the surface of the moon. It is used in my website to show how NASA successfully landed men on the moon. The permission to use this image is not required, as NASA allows usage of any non-copyrighted material without permission, as long as they are credited.
Bostick, Jerry. E-mail interview. 29 Dec. 2012. In this student-conducted interview with Jerry Bostick, Mr. Bostick discusses his personal reaction to Sputnik as well as its influence on him and his career choices. He also shares some ideas on how it impacted the United States. Mr. Bostick was an aerospace engineer, part of the Flight Dynamics Branch and part of the Space Shuttle Program at NASA.
"Enoughnik of This." New York Times [New York] 8 Dec. 1957: n. pag. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.kcls.org/docview/114269545/13D4C22ACB975CC2F9/3?accountid=46>. "Enoughnik of This" from the New York Times covers the reaction of British newspapers to Vanguard's failure to launch. It includes several nicknames given to the failure as posted in the British papers.
Fine, Benjamin. "Satellite Called Spur to Education." New York Times [New York] 12 Oct. 1957: 3. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 6 Apr. 2013. <http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.kcls.org/docview/114325709/13D4709D3F11F053FB2/1?accountid=46>. "Satellite Called Spur to Education" by Benjamin Fine covers how the American Council on Education decided to consider American education very highly due to the launch of Sputnik. It provides several good quotations on how Sputnik changed America's views towards education and its importance, which are rarely found in other sources.
Finney, John W. "Sputnik Acts as a Spur to U.S. Science and Research." New York Times 3 Nov. 1957, The Week in Review: n. pag. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2009). Web. 28 Nov. 2012. <http://search.proquest.com/docview/114306443?accountid=14784>. "Sputnik Acts as a Spur to U.S. Science and Research" by John Finney covers the impacts of Sputnik on the United States' armed forces science and research programs. It gives a good comparison of how the previous Secretary of Defense and his predecessor, who replaced him soon after Sputnik, viewed research regarding not only space, but research in general.
- - -. "U.S. Missile Experts Shaken by Sputnik." New York Times 13 Oct. 1957, The Week in Review: n. pag. ProQuest Historical newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2009). Web. 28 Nov. 2012. <http://search.proquest.com/docview/114106099?accountid=14784>. "U.S. Missile Experts Shaken by Sputnik" by John Finney covers the effect of the statistics of Sputnik, most importantly its weight, on U.S. scientists and politicians. It displays how the size of Sputnik put fear into the hearts of the Americans that the Soviets had a more powerful rocket than they did, and how the United States missile program would be improved.
Flannery, Thomas. "BS Sputnik I - 1957." Cartoon. Baltimore Sun 8 Oct. 1957: n. pag. Print. This cartoon by Thomas Flannery contains a picture of two men flying in a plane labeled "USA Complacency" being passed overhead by Sputnik with a hammer and sickle on it.
The caption reads "Our Technical Superiority Will Triumph In The... WHAT IS THAT?". It is used to give an idea of the reaction of the United States to the USSR overtaking them with Sputnik. The rights to use this cartoon were purchased from the Baltimore Sun.
Gleason, Everett. "Memorandum of Conference with the President." 11 Oct. 1957. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library & Musuem. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Abiline. Digital file. This "Memorandum of Conference with the President" provides a good idea of what the U.S. government thought of Sputnik and its possible impacts shortly after its launch. It was a previously classified document, and it gives a good idea of exactly what was going on in the American government at the time of Sputnik's launch.
- - -. "Memorandum of Conference with the President on American Science Education and Sputnik." 16 Oct. 1957. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library & Musuem. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Alinene. pdf file. This "Memorandum of Conference with the President of American Science Education and Sputnik" provides a good view of what the reactions to Sputnik were in the American
government. It provides a previously classified point of view on what the United States should be doing to catch up with the USSR in education, as well as the possibility that the USSR might surpass them in 20-30 years.
Hobbs, Ron. E-mail interview. 29 Dec. 2012. In this student-conducted interview with Ron Hobbs, Mr. Hobbs discusses Sputnik's impact on the space program. He also shares some ideas on Wernher von Braun and space exploration as it was viewed before Sputnik. Mr. Hobbs works for the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington.
Image of Ron Hobbs, employee of the Museum of Flight. JPG file. This image displays Ron Hobbs, employee of the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington. It is used in my website to show readers what Ron Hobbs looks like and to provide a button with which
to access his interview transcript. Permission to use this image was granted by Ron Hobbs, owner of the image.
Jerry Bostick in Mission Control. GIF file. This image displays Jerry Bostick working in Mission Control. It is used in my website to show what he looks like as well as to provide a button on which to click to access his interview transcript. Permission to use this image was
granted by the owner, Jerry Bostick.
Jerry Bostick in Mission Control. JPG file. This image displays the back of Jerry Bostick's head as he works in Mission Control. It is used in my website to provide a button with which to access the "People" page. The permission to use this image was granted by the owner, Jerry Bostick.
"Jim Lovell holding the Ambassador of Exploration Award." James Lovell Received NASA's Ambassador of Exploration Award. NASA, 3 Apr. 2009. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. <http://www.nasa.gov/topics/people/features/lovell.html>. This photograph displays Jim Lovell. It is used in my website to show what he looks like and to provide a button for which to access his interview transcript. The permission to use this image is not required, as NASA allows usage of any non-copyrighted material without permission, as long as they are credited.
Jorden, William J. "Soviet Fires Earth Satellite Into Space." New York Times [New York] 5 Oct. 1957: n. pag. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1004.html>. "Soviet Fires Earth Satellite Into Space" was written by William J. Jorden of the New York Times. It was written to inform the general public about the fact that the Soviet Union had just launched
Sputnik 1 into space. It provides a good view of what the U.S. knew about Sputnik and it's opinions as well.
Krieger, F. J. "Announcement of the First Satellite." Behind the Sputniks. N.p.: n.p., 1957. 311-12. Soviet Documents. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/14.html>. "Announcement of the First Satellite" was written by F.J. Krieger. It was intended for a general audience and its main purpose is to inform about Sputnik and the Soviet space program. It contains many statistics not
commonly found in other sources and displays how some people perceived Sputnik very soon after its launch.
"Launch of Explorer." Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, n.d. Web. 6 Apr. 2013. <http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/explorer/captions/launch.php>. This image displays the launch of the satellite Explorer 1. It is used in my website to show the launch of Explorer 1 and to provide a button with which to access the "Events" page. The permission to use this image is not required, as Jet Propulsion Laboratory and NASA allow usage of any non-copyrighted material without permission, as long as they are credited.
Lovell, Jim. E-mail interview. 29 Dec. 2012. In this student-conducted interview with Jim Lovell, Mr. Lovell discusses his personal reaction to Sputnik as well as its impact on the space program. He also shares where he was at the time of the launch and his
immediate reaction. Mr. Lovell was an astronaut on two Gemini as well as two Apollo missions.
The NACA official seal. This Month in Exploration. NASA, 6 Apr. 2010. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. <http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/thismonth/this_month_april10.html>. This image displays the official seal of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. It is used in my website to give context about NACA, which was combined with other agencies to create NASA. The permission to use this image is not required, as NASA allows usage of any non-copyrighted material without permission, as long as they are credited.
Poats, Rutherford. "Soviet Launching Brings Demand for Probe by Congress." Washington Post and Times Herald 6 Oct. 1957: A1-A2. Microform. "Soviet Launching Brings Demand for Probe by Congress" by Rutherford Poats covers the political happenings soon after Sputnik's launch. It displays how the United States was beginning to look more closely at its missile and space programs, and the White House's reminder of how it would not be speeding up the satellite program, regardless of the need to improve it.
Reaction to the Soviet Sattelite a Preliminary Evaluation. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library & Musuem. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. <http://eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/sputnik.html>. "Reaction to the Soviet Sattelite a Preliminary Evaluation" is a report published for Government officials regarding Sputnik 1 and its impact towards the U.S.. It covers the possible influence of Sputnik on other nations and impacts on U.S. relations with other nations. It provides a good look at how Sputnik and the Soviets were perceived at the time recently after the launch of Sputnik 1.
"Reply to the Sputnik." New York Times 11 Oct. 1957: n. pag. New York Times Historical. Web. 29 Dec. 2012.
<http://hngraphical.proquest.com.ezproxy.kcls.org/hnweb/hnpl/do/document?set=searchalleras&lastset=&rendition=x-article-image&&inmylist=false&urn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-article-image%3B84772721&pagemapurn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-pagemap%3B84772721&pageimageurn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-pcpage-image%3B84772721&mylisturn=urn:proquest:US;PQDOC;HNP;PQD;HNP;PROD;x-pagemap;84772721&pdfurn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-article-image%3B84772721&abstracturn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-abstract%3B84772721&returnpage=document&doframe=1>. "Reply to the Sputnik" covers how the United States took "preliminary steps" to speed up missile development as well as the impact of Sputnik on their dealings in the United Nations. It was written for a general audience with its main purpose being to inform the American public. Being published by the New York Times, a very prestigious newspaper, this article is a very credible source.
The satellite Explorer 1's backup. Milestones of Flight. Smitsonian National Air and Space Museum, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. <http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/exp1.html>. This photograph displays the backup to Explorer 1. It is used in my website to show what Explorer 1 looked like. The permission to use this image is not required, as the Smithsonian allows usage of any non-copyrighted material without permission, as long as they are credited.
"Scientists Urge Missile Control." New York Times [New York] 10 Oct. 1957: 20. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 6 Apr. 2013.
< http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.kcls.org/docview/114323892/13D46F34F445DDDF6A5/1?accountid=46>. "Scientists Urge Missile Control" from The New York Times covers how the Federation of American Scientists urged for the international control of space weapons and intercontinental ballistic missiles. They believed that Sputnik showed how easy it would be in the upcoming years to hide and launch nuclear weapons on long-range missiles. It provides several good quotations on how people began to worry about possible nuclear warfare.
Sobel, Lester A. Space: From Sputnik to Gemini. New York: Facts on File, 1965. Print. "Space: From Sputnik to Gemini" by Lester A. Sobel is a comprehensive collection of information on the Space Race from 1957 to its publication. It provides lots of technical data on Sputnik in the section dedicated to it, and provides a lengthier version of some quotes found in other sources.
"Soviet Marks Sputnik I, Ridiculing U. S. Efforts." New York Times 4 Oct. 1957: n. pag. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2009). Web. 28 Nov. 2012. <http://search.proquest.com/docview/114532243?accountid=14784>. "Soviet Marks Sputnik I, Ridiculing U.S. Efforts" covers the Soviets' reaction to the first anniversary of Sputnik's launch. It contains an interview with a USSR scientist, who shows that the Soviets believed that while the United States had launched some satellites, the USSR was technologically superior, and that the gap between the two had increased.
"Sputnik." Sputnik - Images. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. <http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/explorer/captions/sputnik.php>. This is a black and white photograph of Sputnik 1. It is used in my website
to give an idea of what Sputnik looked like. The permission to use this image is not required, as Jet Propulsion Laboratory and NASA allow usage of any non-copyrighted material without permission, as long as they are credited.
Sputnik 1, exploded view. Photo Gallery - Sputnik. NASA, 7 Apr. 2009. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. <http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/gallerysput.html>. This image displays an exploded view of Sputnik 1, showing its internal instruments. This is used in my website to display what Sputnik 1 looked like. The permission to use this image is not required, as NASA allows usage of any non-copyrighted material without permission, as long as they are credited.
Telemetry from Sputnik I as It Passed Overhead. Sputnik. NASA, 10 Oct. 2007. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. <http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/>.
This audio clip is the sound produced by Sputnik's radios as it passed through Earth orbit. It was used in my website to display what it sounded like and to give general information. The permission to use this file is not required, as NASA allows usage of any non-copyrighted material without permission, as long as they are credited.
An unidentified astronaut on the surface of the moon. Apollo 11 Mission Report. NASA, n.d. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/a11/A11_PAOMissionReport.html>. This image displays an unidentified astronaut on the surface of the moon gazing at the American flag. It is used in my website to show how NASA successfully landed men on the moon and to provide a button with which to access the "Ideas" page. The permission to use this image is not required, as NASA allows usage of any non-copyrighted material without permission, as long as they are credited.
Vanguard 1 exploding on the launch pad. Space Race. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. <http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/gal114/SpaceRace/sec300/sec314.htm>. This photograph displays Vanguard exploding on the launch pad on its first attempt. It is used in my website to show how the first Vanguard satellite attempt failed as well as how the
program overall was mostly unsuccessful. The permission to use this image is not required, as the Smithsonian allows usage of any non-copyrighted material without permission, as long as they are credited.
Wernher von Braun holding a model rocket. Space Race. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2013.
<http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/gal114/spacerace/sec300/sec320.htm>. This image displays Wernher von Braun holding a model rocket. It is used in my website to show what Wernher von Braun looked like. The permission to use this image is not required, as the Smithsonian allows usage of any non-copyrighted material without permission, as long as they are credited.
Secondary Sources
Barrett, David M. The CIA & Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy. Lawrence: UP of Kansas, 2005. Print. "The CIA and Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy" by David M. Barrett provides a detailed account of the political happenings from 1947-1961. It is written for a more educated audience, and was written using declassified CIA documents among other sources. The portion of the book focusing on Sputnik provides a good account of the reaction to Sputnik by the American media and
politicians which are hard to find in other sources.
Bulkeley, Rip. The Sputniks Crisis and Early United States Space Policy: A Critique of the Historiography of Space. London: Macmillan, 1991. Print. "The Sputnik Crisis and Early United States Space Policy: a Crititque of the Historiography of Space" by Rip Bulkeley
covers the workings of the government regarding space and space-related programs under both President Truman and President Eisenhower. It provides many opinions of those in government positions regarding space, space programs, and Sputnik, which are
very useful and not found in other sources.
Dick, Steven J., ed. Remembering the Space Age. Washington: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of External Relations, History Division, 2008. Print. "Remembering the Space Age" is a collection of papers written by many varying authors regarding several different topics covering the space age. It was published by NASA, the United States' space program, and is intended for a more educated audience.
Green, Constance McLaughlin, and Milton Lomask. "From Sputnik I to TV-3." Vanguard, A History. NASA, n.d. Web. 7 Apr. 2013.
<http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/chap11.html>. "From Sputnik I to TV-3" provides a great overview of Sputnik 1 and its impact on American Society. It was written to inform readers about Sputnik I and its impact, and being published by a government agency such as NASA, is very credible. It was mostly used to gather information about how ham radio enthusiasts used their radios to listen in to Sputnik's signal.
Heppenheimer, T. A. Countdown: A History of Space Flight. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997. Print. "Countdown: A History of Space Flight" by T. A. Heppenheimer is a book intended for a well educated audience, while it is still readable by a general audience. It provides a detailed look at the evolution of space travel from the invention of the rocket until the date published. It was written using previously classified Soviet and CIA archives and documents, which adds credibility and lots of interesting information on Sputnik and the U.S. programs at that time.
Milestones of Flight. National Air and Space Museum, n.d. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. <http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/sputnik.html>. "Sputnik 1 - Milestones of Flight" is a Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum website. There is no specific given author for this site. It is intended for a general audience, covering the basics of
Sputnik 1 and comparing some of it's features to those of Explorer 1, it's American counterpart.
Robbins, Stuart J. "Sputnik (1957-1963)." Soviet Craft - Sputnik. Stuart J. Robbins, 11 Jan. 2006. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. <http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/stu/advanced/20th_soviet_sputnik.html>. "Soviet Craft - Sputnik" was created for the competition ThinkQuest in 1997. It was combined with another website, called “SPACE: Scientific Prospect of Astronomical and Cosmological Exploration, also submitted to ThinkQuest. It was written by Stuart Robbins, who has a B.S. in Astronomy and is currently working on a Ph.D., also in Astronomy. David McDonald also contributed to the original site. It is intended for a general audience, with its main
purpose being to inform the general public about the Sputnik program. However, the rest of the website covers a vast variety of space topics as well.
Schauer, William H. The Politics of Space: A Comparison of the Soviet and American Space Programs. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1976. Print. "The Politics of Space: A Comparison of the Soviet and American Space Programs" by William H. Schauer was written to inform an educated general audience about the Space Race and the policies around it. The portion on Sputnik provides specific reactions by different nations and prominent figures on the launch of Sputnik and the power shift from the U.S. to the USSR.
Sputnik. NASA, 10 Oct. 2007. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. <http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/>. The NASA website about Sputnik was created by the NASA History Web Curator, Steve Garber. It is intended for a general audience, with it’s main purpose being to inform the general public about the beginnings of the space race and Sputnik 1. Mr. Garber has written on several other topics, such as the cancellation of NASA's Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence program, President Kennedy's attitude toward space, and the design of the Space
Shuttle.
Stares, Paul B. The Militarization of Space: U.S. Policy, 1945-1984. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1985. Print. "The Militarization of Space: U.S. Policy, 1945-1984" by Paul B. Stares was written to inform a general audience about the U.S. policy from 1945-1984. The section covering Sputnik covers the reactions of the American public and government from immediately following the launch to several years following. It provides more reactions to Sputnik that other sources don't have.
Wills, Charles A. America in the 1950s. New York: Facts On File, 2006. Print. "America in the 1950s" by Charles A. Wills provides a basic overview of the U.S. during the 1950s. It covers a variety of topics, and is intended for a younger audience. It has a portion on Sputnik, and gives a basic look at it's impact on the U.S.. Wills has written several other books about U.S. history around that time period as well.
Armstrong, Neil. Buzz Aldrin walking near the Lunar Module. Apollo 11 Mission Report. NASA, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. <http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/a11/A11_PAOMissionReport.html>. This image displays Buzz Aldrin walking on the surface of the moon. It is used in my website to show how NASA successfully landed men on the moon. The permission to use this image is not required, as NASA allows usage of any non-copyrighted material without permission, as long as they are credited.
Bostick, Jerry. E-mail interview. 29 Dec. 2012. In this student-conducted interview with Jerry Bostick, Mr. Bostick discusses his personal reaction to Sputnik as well as its influence on him and his career choices. He also shares some ideas on how it impacted the United States. Mr. Bostick was an aerospace engineer, part of the Flight Dynamics Branch and part of the Space Shuttle Program at NASA.
"Enoughnik of This." New York Times [New York] 8 Dec. 1957: n. pag. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.kcls.org/docview/114269545/13D4C22ACB975CC2F9/3?accountid=46>. "Enoughnik of This" from the New York Times covers the reaction of British newspapers to Vanguard's failure to launch. It includes several nicknames given to the failure as posted in the British papers.
Fine, Benjamin. "Satellite Called Spur to Education." New York Times [New York] 12 Oct. 1957: 3. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 6 Apr. 2013. <http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.kcls.org/docview/114325709/13D4709D3F11F053FB2/1?accountid=46>. "Satellite Called Spur to Education" by Benjamin Fine covers how the American Council on Education decided to consider American education very highly due to the launch of Sputnik. It provides several good quotations on how Sputnik changed America's views towards education and its importance, which are rarely found in other sources.
Finney, John W. "Sputnik Acts as a Spur to U.S. Science and Research." New York Times 3 Nov. 1957, The Week in Review: n. pag. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2009). Web. 28 Nov. 2012. <http://search.proquest.com/docview/114306443?accountid=14784>. "Sputnik Acts as a Spur to U.S. Science and Research" by John Finney covers the impacts of Sputnik on the United States' armed forces science and research programs. It gives a good comparison of how the previous Secretary of Defense and his predecessor, who replaced him soon after Sputnik, viewed research regarding not only space, but research in general.
- - -. "U.S. Missile Experts Shaken by Sputnik." New York Times 13 Oct. 1957, The Week in Review: n. pag. ProQuest Historical newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2009). Web. 28 Nov. 2012. <http://search.proquest.com/docview/114106099?accountid=14784>. "U.S. Missile Experts Shaken by Sputnik" by John Finney covers the effect of the statistics of Sputnik, most importantly its weight, on U.S. scientists and politicians. It displays how the size of Sputnik put fear into the hearts of the Americans that the Soviets had a more powerful rocket than they did, and how the United States missile program would be improved.
Flannery, Thomas. "BS Sputnik I - 1957." Cartoon. Baltimore Sun 8 Oct. 1957: n. pag. Print. This cartoon by Thomas Flannery contains a picture of two men flying in a plane labeled "USA Complacency" being passed overhead by Sputnik with a hammer and sickle on it.
The caption reads "Our Technical Superiority Will Triumph In The... WHAT IS THAT?". It is used to give an idea of the reaction of the United States to the USSR overtaking them with Sputnik. The rights to use this cartoon were purchased from the Baltimore Sun.
Gleason, Everett. "Memorandum of Conference with the President." 11 Oct. 1957. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library & Musuem. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Abiline. Digital file. This "Memorandum of Conference with the President" provides a good idea of what the U.S. government thought of Sputnik and its possible impacts shortly after its launch. It was a previously classified document, and it gives a good idea of exactly what was going on in the American government at the time of Sputnik's launch.
- - -. "Memorandum of Conference with the President on American Science Education and Sputnik." 16 Oct. 1957. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library & Musuem. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Alinene. pdf file. This "Memorandum of Conference with the President of American Science Education and Sputnik" provides a good view of what the reactions to Sputnik were in the American
government. It provides a previously classified point of view on what the United States should be doing to catch up with the USSR in education, as well as the possibility that the USSR might surpass them in 20-30 years.
Hobbs, Ron. E-mail interview. 29 Dec. 2012. In this student-conducted interview with Ron Hobbs, Mr. Hobbs discusses Sputnik's impact on the space program. He also shares some ideas on Wernher von Braun and space exploration as it was viewed before Sputnik. Mr. Hobbs works for the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington.
Image of Ron Hobbs, employee of the Museum of Flight. JPG file. This image displays Ron Hobbs, employee of the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington. It is used in my website to show readers what Ron Hobbs looks like and to provide a button with which
to access his interview transcript. Permission to use this image was granted by Ron Hobbs, owner of the image.
Jerry Bostick in Mission Control. GIF file. This image displays Jerry Bostick working in Mission Control. It is used in my website to show what he looks like as well as to provide a button on which to click to access his interview transcript. Permission to use this image was
granted by the owner, Jerry Bostick.
Jerry Bostick in Mission Control. JPG file. This image displays the back of Jerry Bostick's head as he works in Mission Control. It is used in my website to provide a button with which to access the "People" page. The permission to use this image was granted by the owner, Jerry Bostick.
"Jim Lovell holding the Ambassador of Exploration Award." James Lovell Received NASA's Ambassador of Exploration Award. NASA, 3 Apr. 2009. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. <http://www.nasa.gov/topics/people/features/lovell.html>. This photograph displays Jim Lovell. It is used in my website to show what he looks like and to provide a button for which to access his interview transcript. The permission to use this image is not required, as NASA allows usage of any non-copyrighted material without permission, as long as they are credited.
Jorden, William J. "Soviet Fires Earth Satellite Into Space." New York Times [New York] 5 Oct. 1957: n. pag. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1004.html>. "Soviet Fires Earth Satellite Into Space" was written by William J. Jorden of the New York Times. It was written to inform the general public about the fact that the Soviet Union had just launched
Sputnik 1 into space. It provides a good view of what the U.S. knew about Sputnik and it's opinions as well.
Krieger, F. J. "Announcement of the First Satellite." Behind the Sputniks. N.p.: n.p., 1957. 311-12. Soviet Documents. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/14.html>. "Announcement of the First Satellite" was written by F.J. Krieger. It was intended for a general audience and its main purpose is to inform about Sputnik and the Soviet space program. It contains many statistics not
commonly found in other sources and displays how some people perceived Sputnik very soon after its launch.
"Launch of Explorer." Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, n.d. Web. 6 Apr. 2013. <http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/explorer/captions/launch.php>. This image displays the launch of the satellite Explorer 1. It is used in my website to show the launch of Explorer 1 and to provide a button with which to access the "Events" page. The permission to use this image is not required, as Jet Propulsion Laboratory and NASA allow usage of any non-copyrighted material without permission, as long as they are credited.
Lovell, Jim. E-mail interview. 29 Dec. 2012. In this student-conducted interview with Jim Lovell, Mr. Lovell discusses his personal reaction to Sputnik as well as its impact on the space program. He also shares where he was at the time of the launch and his
immediate reaction. Mr. Lovell was an astronaut on two Gemini as well as two Apollo missions.
The NACA official seal. This Month in Exploration. NASA, 6 Apr. 2010. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. <http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/thismonth/this_month_april10.html>. This image displays the official seal of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. It is used in my website to give context about NACA, which was combined with other agencies to create NASA. The permission to use this image is not required, as NASA allows usage of any non-copyrighted material without permission, as long as they are credited.
Poats, Rutherford. "Soviet Launching Brings Demand for Probe by Congress." Washington Post and Times Herald 6 Oct. 1957: A1-A2. Microform. "Soviet Launching Brings Demand for Probe by Congress" by Rutherford Poats covers the political happenings soon after Sputnik's launch. It displays how the United States was beginning to look more closely at its missile and space programs, and the White House's reminder of how it would not be speeding up the satellite program, regardless of the need to improve it.
Reaction to the Soviet Sattelite a Preliminary Evaluation. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library & Musuem. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. <http://eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/sputnik.html>. "Reaction to the Soviet Sattelite a Preliminary Evaluation" is a report published for Government officials regarding Sputnik 1 and its impact towards the U.S.. It covers the possible influence of Sputnik on other nations and impacts on U.S. relations with other nations. It provides a good look at how Sputnik and the Soviets were perceived at the time recently after the launch of Sputnik 1.
"Reply to the Sputnik." New York Times 11 Oct. 1957: n. pag. New York Times Historical. Web. 29 Dec. 2012.
<http://hngraphical.proquest.com.ezproxy.kcls.org/hnweb/hnpl/do/document?set=searchalleras&lastset=&rendition=x-article-image&&inmylist=false&urn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-article-image%3B84772721&pagemapurn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-pagemap%3B84772721&pageimageurn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-pcpage-image%3B84772721&mylisturn=urn:proquest:US;PQDOC;HNP;PQD;HNP;PROD;x-pagemap;84772721&pdfurn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-article-image%3B84772721&abstracturn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-abstract%3B84772721&returnpage=document&doframe=1>. "Reply to the Sputnik" covers how the United States took "preliminary steps" to speed up missile development as well as the impact of Sputnik on their dealings in the United Nations. It was written for a general audience with its main purpose being to inform the American public. Being published by the New York Times, a very prestigious newspaper, this article is a very credible source.
The satellite Explorer 1's backup. Milestones of Flight. Smitsonian National Air and Space Museum, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. <http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/exp1.html>. This photograph displays the backup to Explorer 1. It is used in my website to show what Explorer 1 looked like. The permission to use this image is not required, as the Smithsonian allows usage of any non-copyrighted material without permission, as long as they are credited.
"Scientists Urge Missile Control." New York Times [New York] 10 Oct. 1957: 20. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 6 Apr. 2013.
< http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.kcls.org/docview/114323892/13D46F34F445DDDF6A5/1?accountid=46>. "Scientists Urge Missile Control" from The New York Times covers how the Federation of American Scientists urged for the international control of space weapons and intercontinental ballistic missiles. They believed that Sputnik showed how easy it would be in the upcoming years to hide and launch nuclear weapons on long-range missiles. It provides several good quotations on how people began to worry about possible nuclear warfare.
Sobel, Lester A. Space: From Sputnik to Gemini. New York: Facts on File, 1965. Print. "Space: From Sputnik to Gemini" by Lester A. Sobel is a comprehensive collection of information on the Space Race from 1957 to its publication. It provides lots of technical data on Sputnik in the section dedicated to it, and provides a lengthier version of some quotes found in other sources.
"Soviet Marks Sputnik I, Ridiculing U. S. Efforts." New York Times 4 Oct. 1957: n. pag. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2009). Web. 28 Nov. 2012. <http://search.proquest.com/docview/114532243?accountid=14784>. "Soviet Marks Sputnik I, Ridiculing U.S. Efforts" covers the Soviets' reaction to the first anniversary of Sputnik's launch. It contains an interview with a USSR scientist, who shows that the Soviets believed that while the United States had launched some satellites, the USSR was technologically superior, and that the gap between the two had increased.
"Sputnik." Sputnik - Images. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. <http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/explorer/captions/sputnik.php>. This is a black and white photograph of Sputnik 1. It is used in my website
to give an idea of what Sputnik looked like. The permission to use this image is not required, as Jet Propulsion Laboratory and NASA allow usage of any non-copyrighted material without permission, as long as they are credited.
Sputnik 1, exploded view. Photo Gallery - Sputnik. NASA, 7 Apr. 2009. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. <http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/gallerysput.html>. This image displays an exploded view of Sputnik 1, showing its internal instruments. This is used in my website to display what Sputnik 1 looked like. The permission to use this image is not required, as NASA allows usage of any non-copyrighted material without permission, as long as they are credited.
Telemetry from Sputnik I as It Passed Overhead. Sputnik. NASA, 10 Oct. 2007. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. <http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/>.
This audio clip is the sound produced by Sputnik's radios as it passed through Earth orbit. It was used in my website to display what it sounded like and to give general information. The permission to use this file is not required, as NASA allows usage of any non-copyrighted material without permission, as long as they are credited.
An unidentified astronaut on the surface of the moon. Apollo 11 Mission Report. NASA, n.d. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/a11/A11_PAOMissionReport.html>. This image displays an unidentified astronaut on the surface of the moon gazing at the American flag. It is used in my website to show how NASA successfully landed men on the moon and to provide a button with which to access the "Ideas" page. The permission to use this image is not required, as NASA allows usage of any non-copyrighted material without permission, as long as they are credited.
Vanguard 1 exploding on the launch pad. Space Race. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. <http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/gal114/SpaceRace/sec300/sec314.htm>. This photograph displays Vanguard exploding on the launch pad on its first attempt. It is used in my website to show how the first Vanguard satellite attempt failed as well as how the
program overall was mostly unsuccessful. The permission to use this image is not required, as the Smithsonian allows usage of any non-copyrighted material without permission, as long as they are credited.
Wernher von Braun holding a model rocket. Space Race. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2013.
<http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/gal114/spacerace/sec300/sec320.htm>. This image displays Wernher von Braun holding a model rocket. It is used in my website to show what Wernher von Braun looked like. The permission to use this image is not required, as the Smithsonian allows usage of any non-copyrighted material without permission, as long as they are credited.
Secondary Sources
Barrett, David M. The CIA & Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy. Lawrence: UP of Kansas, 2005. Print. "The CIA and Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy" by David M. Barrett provides a detailed account of the political happenings from 1947-1961. It is written for a more educated audience, and was written using declassified CIA documents among other sources. The portion of the book focusing on Sputnik provides a good account of the reaction to Sputnik by the American media and
politicians which are hard to find in other sources.
Bulkeley, Rip. The Sputniks Crisis and Early United States Space Policy: A Critique of the Historiography of Space. London: Macmillan, 1991. Print. "The Sputnik Crisis and Early United States Space Policy: a Crititque of the Historiography of Space" by Rip Bulkeley
covers the workings of the government regarding space and space-related programs under both President Truman and President Eisenhower. It provides many opinions of those in government positions regarding space, space programs, and Sputnik, which are
very useful and not found in other sources.
Dick, Steven J., ed. Remembering the Space Age. Washington: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of External Relations, History Division, 2008. Print. "Remembering the Space Age" is a collection of papers written by many varying authors regarding several different topics covering the space age. It was published by NASA, the United States' space program, and is intended for a more educated audience.
Green, Constance McLaughlin, and Milton Lomask. "From Sputnik I to TV-3." Vanguard, A History. NASA, n.d. Web. 7 Apr. 2013.
<http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/chap11.html>. "From Sputnik I to TV-3" provides a great overview of Sputnik 1 and its impact on American Society. It was written to inform readers about Sputnik I and its impact, and being published by a government agency such as NASA, is very credible. It was mostly used to gather information about how ham radio enthusiasts used their radios to listen in to Sputnik's signal.
Heppenheimer, T. A. Countdown: A History of Space Flight. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997. Print. "Countdown: A History of Space Flight" by T. A. Heppenheimer is a book intended for a well educated audience, while it is still readable by a general audience. It provides a detailed look at the evolution of space travel from the invention of the rocket until the date published. It was written using previously classified Soviet and CIA archives and documents, which adds credibility and lots of interesting information on Sputnik and the U.S. programs at that time.
Milestones of Flight. National Air and Space Museum, n.d. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. <http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/sputnik.html>. "Sputnik 1 - Milestones of Flight" is a Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum website. There is no specific given author for this site. It is intended for a general audience, covering the basics of
Sputnik 1 and comparing some of it's features to those of Explorer 1, it's American counterpart.
Robbins, Stuart J. "Sputnik (1957-1963)." Soviet Craft - Sputnik. Stuart J. Robbins, 11 Jan. 2006. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. <http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/stu/advanced/20th_soviet_sputnik.html>. "Soviet Craft - Sputnik" was created for the competition ThinkQuest in 1997. It was combined with another website, called “SPACE: Scientific Prospect of Astronomical and Cosmological Exploration, also submitted to ThinkQuest. It was written by Stuart Robbins, who has a B.S. in Astronomy and is currently working on a Ph.D., also in Astronomy. David McDonald also contributed to the original site. It is intended for a general audience, with its main
purpose being to inform the general public about the Sputnik program. However, the rest of the website covers a vast variety of space topics as well.
Schauer, William H. The Politics of Space: A Comparison of the Soviet and American Space Programs. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1976. Print. "The Politics of Space: A Comparison of the Soviet and American Space Programs" by William H. Schauer was written to inform an educated general audience about the Space Race and the policies around it. The portion on Sputnik provides specific reactions by different nations and prominent figures on the launch of Sputnik and the power shift from the U.S. to the USSR.
Sputnik. NASA, 10 Oct. 2007. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. <http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/>. The NASA website about Sputnik was created by the NASA History Web Curator, Steve Garber. It is intended for a general audience, with it’s main purpose being to inform the general public about the beginnings of the space race and Sputnik 1. Mr. Garber has written on several other topics, such as the cancellation of NASA's Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence program, President Kennedy's attitude toward space, and the design of the Space
Shuttle.
Stares, Paul B. The Militarization of Space: U.S. Policy, 1945-1984. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1985. Print. "The Militarization of Space: U.S. Policy, 1945-1984" by Paul B. Stares was written to inform a general audience about the U.S. policy from 1945-1984. The section covering Sputnik covers the reactions of the American public and government from immediately following the launch to several years following. It provides more reactions to Sputnik that other sources don't have.
Wills, Charles A. America in the 1950s. New York: Facts On File, 2006. Print. "America in the 1950s" by Charles A. Wills provides a basic overview of the U.S. during the 1950s. It covers a variety of topics, and is intended for a younger audience. It has a portion on Sputnik, and gives a basic look at it's impact on the U.S.. Wills has written several other books about U.S. history around that time period as well.